Using the example of paddy farmers in
this instance, in irrigated lands of the Wyamba, North Central and Eastern
Provinces, farmers are generally able to grow two crops a year, the most
productive being the Maha season ranging from planting in October to January,
for harvesting between January and March of the following year. This has been
the way since the colonization schemes of 1930s.
They face many challenges in their pursuit
and I will attempt to illustrate some of them, which when taken in toto, amount
to an increasingly risky business of cultivation and survival.
Lack
of Planning of the steps to be taken to prepare for the following paddy
planting season.
Many farmers who have sold their paddy
and repaid debts and redeemed valuables pawned to cultivate their lands for the
previous season, don’t have the mental clarity to prepare their tools in
readiness for planting, such as repairing their tractors, having them oiled and
greased and serviced as that is a cost some find difficult to contemplate. They
also have to join together to clear the irrigation canals of weeds in order to
permit free flow of water to the fields, sans obstructions. Therefore step one
is delayed due to the lack of funds.
Preparation
of the soil
The banning of Roundup also known as
Glyphosate, which the farmers used previously to kill the weeds on verges and
irrigation canals, is now no longer available. Many of these weeds they contend
are invasive species that did not exist at one time, and were deliberately
introduced by multi-national companies in order to market their increasingly
strong weedicides to the market to kill these introduced weeds! I personally
don’t believe that it was deliberate, but there is a strong belief amongst the
farming community, that it was caused to enslave them.
They now resort to burning the fields as
much as possible as a means to eliminate the weeds, with the resultant
environmental consequences. There has been no intervention on the part of the
state, through research institutes such as HARTI to educate farmers of the
practical alternatives to the above practices, leaving the farmers at the mercy
of chemical companies marketing alternatives, that don’t come close to solving
the problem either.
With a large public sector of unhelpful
staff in departments of agriculture, no assistance is provided in training and
demonstration of practical means to this end
The
supply of irrigation water on a timely manner
It is important that water is provided
with sufficient time to prepare the soil for planting, and usually 30 days of
daily water is supplied to the land for drowning the weeds in mud including the
seeds of the weeds to begin the circle of the new cultivation cycle. It could
be argued that much water is wasted in this process, as planting only begins to
the end of this month, with much water wasted and allowed to flow out into the
streams and rivers, unless reused further downstream by damning and redirecting
to fields further downstream.
In any particular area, farmers know if
they have received water too early or too late, as it affects their whole
cultivation cycle, and if it is received late, they have to use shorter rice
strains instead of the 120 day varieties as the irrigation water supply is also
limited to agreed dates.
The talk of the town in Hingurakgoda
this season was that rains came early, but all that water was wasted in the
fields, as it was too early to cultivate or prepare the soil, now in mid-November
the when the rains normally come, there isn’t any, and to add insult to injury,
the hoped for supply of irrigation water on 16th November or
thereabouts has been delayed till the 25th November.
The story goes that the new
Moragahakanda Reservoir project as the final phase of the Mahaweli Irrigation
Project is the brainchild of Maithripala Sirisena, who brought forward a
delayed project, and with the waters collected after the recent rains, wants
the reservoir filled up so he can make a PR exercise in throwing flowers into
the water and opening the gates to fanfare for supplying water. However as the
irrigation officials have been asked to delay this till more water accumulates
in the reservoir so he can show how massive the water body is the farmers supply
has been purposely delayed without taking into account their prior and more
important needs. In essence, the farmer will pay the price by shorter planting
season, or low yield rice, in order to satisfy the personal ego of one man who
will soon relinquish office within a week.
Another theory behind this delay in
water being given, is that the State has failed to order the needed fertilizer
(import) on time and therefore is delaying the supply of water until the
fertilizer stores are stocked up and able to supply the subsidized fertilizer.
An added spanner in the works is that
both main Presidential candidates have promised free fertilizer, and in order
to avail themselves of this promise and the resultant hiatus, the farmers are
likely to get their requirements long past the need by dates for cultivation,
aggravating an already precarious delay in cultivation. Free means there is
misuse, by public officials and a black market created too!
Fertilizer
distribution to farmers
The process of obtaining either free or
subsidized fertilizer is fraught with a lot of bureaucratic red tape. There are
numerous forms to be completed and Grama Niladari certification and farmer
society intervention, which in themselves is done to avoid misuse and ensure
only those entitled to receive the fertilizer in fact do so, however it is the
very same state employees who are involved in rackets to circumvent the system
and often even shortchange the farmer, but where produce leaks out to
unauthorized users, due to corruption.
There are maximum amounts of fertilizer
that can be distributed to any one farmer, but the reality today is that more
efficient farmers work more land, while those who own the land lend their
fields for payment in kind, namely bushels of paddy per acre for example. So
they have to break the rules and circumvent the system in order to obtain the
needed fertilizer to work all the land they rent. This has not been properly
thought out and it penalizes the honest, and efficient while encouraging the
wasteful and dishonest, made worse by the political promises of free
fertilizer, usually not to the deserving cases.
The
Chemical Mafia
Some farmers allege that the chemical
companies are in hock with the fertilizer and the irrigation officials in
determining when water is distributed, so that chemicals are needed to solve
disease and weeds created owing the untimely water distribution, a serious
allegation if proved it does happen. However there is a belief among farmers
that they too are part of the gang that is working against the interests of the
farmers.
Other
factors – Quality of inputs
I would like to believe it is a myth
rather than reality, but there is a question of poor quality fertilizer, poor
quality weedicides that are not up to the mark in killing the weeds, poor
quality chemicals that kill pests and other diseases of plants and the quality
of seed paddy used to plant. All this affects paddy cultivation and there is no
confidence that the officials tasked with ensuring their efficacy don’t in fact
do their job, further leaving the farmer at the mercy of heresay in purchasing
inputs.
In
Summary,
I have only covered the beginning of the cultivation process and not the
attendant rains that are due but could be late or miss the mark, or a disease
that spreads faster than any solution could be given, before it is too late.
Then we have the right time to harvest affected by untimely rains further
affecting yields etc. to illustrate the near impossible task of a paddy farmer
to breathe easy!
How
can this unresolvable challenge be met?
I have scratched the surface of a
problem that hundreds of thousands of farmers with limited training and
education face every day. They are given minimal knowledge of new techniques in
order to reduce the cost and amount of inputs and maximize the yield, both of
which is necessary for productivity along with the wise use of water, when
confronted with unexpected water shortages needing rationing or reduced supply
by necessity.
Farmers also have to prepared for
flooding, in case the rains come late, or a month’s rain falls in one or two
days, something that climate change has wrought all over the world, which could
destroy a well tended field in one day.
Farmers have no financial resources for
a rainy day, possibly being in debt to money lenders, thereby losing their
independence and self respect. We blame alcohol abuse on many, but
circumstances have led many to this state for their survival short of suicide,
with no state assistance to mitigate their plight. They are in short left to
their own devises and we place an unfair burden on them to muddle through.
I have not even gone in the direction of
the Paddy Mafia that controls the price, and it them along with the traders who
make the money at the farmers expense while the farmers have been singularly
unable to work together to support each other to resolve these problems.
It is clear that the next generation
farmer is an unknown quantity unless state intervention is immediately made to
train a farmer corps of intelligent educated and trained farmer, armed with the
know how, tools, land and funds in order to productively cultivate land.
How can they even begin, when even the
tractors imported for farmers are highly taxed vehicles making it impossible
for them to purchase and operate and repay their loans, leaving them at the
mercy of lenders of last resort to end up owning them as well due to the
inability to profitably manage the needed tools.
In this instance farmers are left to
hire these vehicles with the driver at rates that barely make sense, as a
specialist has now emerged, a businessman no less who owns the means of
farming, the tractors, the combine harvesters who charge according to the
extent of land ploughed.
The solution here is to empower the
farmer societies in taking charge of this aspect and giving them the subsidized
equipment free from taxes to share among the farmer societies, to reduce the
wastage of labor intensive work.
One suggestion I was given recently was
that the societies lacked a back hoe to dig the canals and clean them ready for
water supply and neither did the irrigation departments have them, so if there
was a scheme where 10 societies shared the tractors, back hoes and other much
needed equipment while being able to get their hands on other less important
ones, if needed from private sources, the objective of efficient and productive
rice cultivation could result.
In conclusion we must first understand
what the Country Food Security objective and then take steps to fulfill the
objectives
I am not suggesting that we consolidate
fields into larger productive tracts to cultivate, but we must be made aware of
the population shifts and the numbers entering agriculture in order to make
these assumptions.
The link below is one that says that smaller
farms are more productive than bigger ones going against the new norm. However one
should bear in mind it is by using the new techniques and intensive agriculture
with much more inputs that will result in this and so green houses that are
able to produce 10 times more harvest than without, is a means to achieving those
ends, not just by assuming the same farmer will reach those heights without any
training.
We need policies that will achieve the
ends we set ourselves. It is doable, but with a different set of people with a
purpose, not Public Officials warming their seats.
We have a political culture that goes
against this trend, and that has got to change, sooner rather than later. They
must understand not just food security, but also the nutritious food that the
people of this country need, that reduces illness rather than increase them as what
happens today. It is a holistic concept aimed at developing a healthy society
for the future, not just a dependent one that all political policies seem to
encourage, for personal gain, and not for the overall health of the country.
There is no one in Sri Lanka today that has
the ability to take on these multiple sectors to work in the nation’s interest
because there are too many personal agendas that are in conflict with that of the
public interest. Let us hope we can rise up and convince the public that
certain decision that are taken are in the public interest and not personal and
there are some changes in policies needed to keep on track in achieving the
goals laid out above. As far as I know I have yet to read an article that even
broadly touches on this subject as I have laid out due to ignorance.